1. History of or concurrent asthma or allergic rhinitis (hay fever) in either biologic parent or sibling (at least one shared biological parent) by parental report. The presence of paternal or sibling allergy or asthma will be ascertained by maternal report. 2. Maternal age greater than or equal to 18 years at the time of study enrollment. 1. Maternal HIV infection at time of delivery. 2. Plans for the family to move out of the geographic area during the period of the study. 3. Does not speak English. 4. Current maternal use of progesterone during pregnancy to prevent preterm birth.
• Progesterone use is only an exclusion if currently being taken at time of enrollment for preterm birth. Previous use to prevent preterm birth or use at any time for other indications is allowed. 5. Pregnancy is a result of an embryo donor (egg and sperm donor pregnancies are permitted). 6. Past or current medical problems or findings from physical examination or laboratory testing which, in the opinion of the investigator or designee, may pose additional risks from participation in the study, may interfere with the participant's ability to comply with study requirements or that may impact the quality or interpretation of the data obtained from the study.

1. Provision of signed and dated informed consent form 2. Started willingness to comply with all study procedures and availability for the duration of the study 3. Male or female, age ≥ 12 years 4. No change in asthma medications for the past 2 months and use of medium or high dose inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) (defined by Table 1A) + an additional asthma controller/biologic (defined in Tables 1B and 1C). Participants entered into the run-in on medium dose ICS will be switched to high dose ICS. They must meet all entry criteria at the time of randomization including the criteria for uncontrolled asthma as assessed by symptoms during the two weeks prior to the randomization. 5. Baseline poor or uncontrolled asthma, defined as meeting at least one of the following: 1. FEV1 <80% predicted (for adults ≥18) or FEV1<90% (pediatric participants <18) AND with 12% bronchodilator reversibility 2. Poor symptom control
•Asthma Control Questionnaire ( ACQ-6) Score ≥1.5 3. ≥1 exacerbation defined as a documented burst of systemic corticosteroids (>3 days for adults and adolescents or >1 day for adolescents treated with dexamethasone) in prior year for those not receiving chronic OCS or an increase in >50% of baseline corticosteroid dose for ≥3 days in those receiving chronic OCS.
• For patients on a biologic agent, at least one asthma exacerbation must have occurred at least 2 months after the initiation of the biologic agent. The definition of acceptable documentation for asthma exacerbations can be found in Section 6.5.3. 6. Evidence of asthma demonstrated by either bronchodilator reversibility or methacholine responsiveness either during the run-in or by historical evidence of either criterion if testing was performed under the same standards of the PrecISE Network at a PrecISE recruitment center. These criteria are defined as: 1. An increase in FEV1 ≥12% (and 200 ml) after up to 8 puffs of albuterol OR 2. Positive methacholine defined as PC20 ≤16 mg/ml, or PD20 ≤400 mcg/ml 7. Agreement to adhere to Lifestyle Considerations (see Section 5.4) throughout study duration 8. Owns a device compatible with the eDiary system used for CompEx, that is, an iOS 11+ device such as iPhone, iPad or iPod, or a smartphone or tablet running on Android 5.0+ 1. Current participation in an interventional trial (e.g. drugs, diets, etc.) 2. Enrollment in a clinical trial where the study medication was administered within the past 60 days or within 5 half-lives (whichever is greater) 3. Physician diagnosis of other chronic pulmonary disorders associated with asthma-like symptoms, including, but not limited to, cystic fibrosis (CF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic bronchitis, emphysema, severe scoliosis or chest wall deformities that affect lung function, or congenital disorders of the lungs or airways 4. Receiving one or more immune-modulating therapies for diseases other than asthma 5. Receiving methotrexate, mycophenolate (CellCept®), or azathioprine (Imuran®) 6. Receiving aero allergen immunotherapy and not on at least 3 months of maintenance allergen immunotherapy 7. Underwent a bronchial thermoplasty within the last two years 8. Born before 35 weeks of gestation 9. Uncontrolled hypertension, defined as systolic blood pressure >160 mm/Hg, or diastolic blood pressure >100 mm/Hg 10. History of malignancy except non-melanoma skin cancer within the last five years 11. History of smoking 1. If <30 years old: Smoked for ≥5 pack-years*
• Can still be enrolled if <30, smoked <5 5 pack years and none in past year, and normal (negative) urine cotinine 2. If 30-39 years old: Smoked for ≥10 pack years
• Can still be enrolled if ≥30, smoked <10 pack years and none in past year, provided participant demonstrates a normal (negative) urine cotinine 3. If ≥40 years old: Smoked ≥15 pack years
• Can still be enrolled if ≥40 years old, smoked <15 pack years and none in the last year, provided participant demonstrates normal (negative) urine cotinine. Patients with a smoking history of ≥10 to <15 pack years will also need to demonstrate a normal Diffusing Capacity for Carbon Monoxide (DLCO) (>70% predicted) * Smoking equivalent pack years. One pack of cigarettes a day for 1 year is equivalent to: 1. 1 cigar or pipe per day for 1 year 2. Smoked hookah or shisha =1 session per day for 1 year 3. Vaped e-cigarettes =0.5 mLs e-liquid per day for 1 year, or =1 cartridge/tank/pod per day for 1 year 4. 1 use of marijuana per day for 1 year 12. Active use of any inhalant >1 time per month in the past year 1. Active smoking of conventional tobacco, inhaling of marijuana or other drugs, or vaping of e-cigarettes or vape pods >1 time per month in the past year 2. Any form of tobacco qualifies, such as: 1 cigarette, 1 hookah or shisha sessions, 1 cigar, 1 pipe, etc. 3. Any electronic (e)-device included: e-cigarette e-cig, mod, vape pen, JUUL vaping device, e-cigar, e-hookah, e-pipe, vape pods, etc. 4. Any form of inhaled marijuana, including smoking marijuana leaves or inhaling THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) via e-cigarette or device 13. Substance abuse within the last year 14. Unwillingness to practice medically acceptable birth control or complete abstinence during the study, current pregnancy, or lactation. Medically acceptable birth control/abstinence is defined as: 1. Career, lifestyle, or sexual orientation precludes intercourse with a male partner 2. For those in a monogamous relationship that precludes sexual activity with other partners, one of the sexual partners has been sterilized by vasectomy (in males) or hysterectomy and/or bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (in females) 3. Use of highly effective methods of birth control defined as those, alone or in combination, that result in a low failure rate (i.e. less than 1% per year) when used consistently and correctly. Contraception should be used for at least 1 month prior to screening, throughout study participation and for an additional 16 weeks after the end of the final test treatment.
• Pregnancy tests will be given to each female participant prior to study enrollment and at each clinic visit
• Each male participant will agree to inform his sexual partner(s) of the potential for harm to an unborn child. If a sexual partner becomes pregnant while he is participating in the study, he will notify study staff within 24 hours of receiving medical confirmation. His partner will be advised to promptly notify her doctor
• Any pregnancy (of a participant or a partner) will be monitored for adverse events with respect to pregnancy outcome until one month after birth. 15. Requirement for daily systemic corticosteroids above 10 mg of prednisone (or equivalent) per day for the past 2 months 16. Respiratory infection within 1 month of screening 17. Intubation for asthma in the last 12 months 18. Use of warfarin, current or last 30 days 19. Any clinically significant abnormal findings in the history, physical examination, vital signs, electrocardiogram, hematology or clinical chemistry during run-in period, which in the opinion of the site investigator, may put the participant at risk because of his/her participation in the study, or may influence the results of the study, or the participant's ability to complete the entire duration of the study 20. Additional exclusions for specific interventions (and not for others) are listed in the Appendices I-VI, Section 5.2 Safety Participants who meet the following criteria will be excluded from the study: 1. Hemoglobin <10 g/dL 2. Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC) <1000/µl for black participants, <1500/µl for other participants 3. Lymphocytes <500/µl 4. Platelet count <100,000/µl 5. Alanine Transaminase (ALT)/Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) >2x upper limits of normal (ULN) 6. Bilirubin ≥2x ULN 7. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 ml/min/1.73 sq m 8. Positive Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Types 1 & 2 (HIV 1&2) Ab/Ag immunoassay followed by a confirmatory positive test (Geenius™ HIV-1/HIV-2 antibody differentiation immunoassay) 9. Positive Hepatitis B surface Ag (active infection) or Hepatitis B core total antibody (marker of past infection that could reactivate) 10. Positive Hepatitis C RNA test following positive Hepatitis C Antibody 11. EKG with significant clinical findings A positive QuantiFERON-TB (tuberculosis) Gold test requires further screening. A participant may be included in PrecISE if at least one of the following criteria are met: 1. A chest radiograph (CXR) done within the last six months of the test that shows no evidence of active TB 2. A chest CT scan done within the last six months of the test that shows no evidence of active TB 3. Documentation of adequate treatment for latent TB In cases of an indeterminate QuantiFERON-TB test result, a second blood specimen must be drawn. A chest x-ray is not required if the participant has a negative QuantiFERON-TB Gold test. Comorbid Conditions: Comorbidities are commonly present in severe asthma. Specific questionnaires will be used to identify common comorbidities as follows: 1. Sleep apnea: STOP-BANG 2. GERD (GERD- Questionnaire) 3. VCD (Pittsburgh vocal cord dysfunction index) 4. Chronic Rhinitis Sinusitis (Sinonasal questionnaire-SNQ5) 5. Depression-Anxiety (Hospital anxiety and depression Scale: HADS) These questionnaires are best used as screening tools. As such they typically have high sensitivity but relatively low specificity. Many of their symptoms overlap with the symptoms reported by participants with asthma who do not suffer from these conditions. Therefore, participants who meet the established cut offs for these questionnaires will need to be evaluated by the investigator to consider the clinical significance of the positive questionnaire based on history and physical and available testing. The investigator will need to judge the presence, severity and control of a specific condition and determine if it is sufficiently controlled to keep the participant in the PrecISE protocol. If the comorbid condition(s) is/are not adequately controlled, the investigator may refer the participant for further evaluation/treatment, prior to enrollment in PrecISE. Rescreening is permitted (after at least four weeks) to determine if the participant is able to move forward in PrecISE once the comorbid condition(s) is/are under adequate control. It is expected that some of the participants may also have other conditions such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and obesity. These should be evaluated clinically as part of the complete history and physical done at initial evaluation. Their inclusions should be based on the investigator clinical judgement in line with good clinical practice principles.

Asthmatic Patients: 1. Physician diagnosis of asthma, 2. Age 6 years and older 3. Evidence of historical reversibility, including either:
• FEV1 bronchodilator reversibility ≥ 12%, or
• Airway hyperresponsiveness reflected by a methacholine PC20 ≤16 mg/mL. 1. Pregnancy during the characterization phase, 2. Current smoking, 3. Smoking history > 10 pack years if ≥30 years of age, or smoking history > 5 pack years if <30 years of age (Note: if a subject has a smoking history, no smoking within the past year), 4. Other chronic pulmonary disorders associated with asthma-like symptoms, including (but not limited to) cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic bronchitis, vocal cord dysfunction (that is the sole cause of respiratory symptoms and at the PI's discretion), severe scoliosis or chest wall deformities that affect lung function, or congenital disorders of the lungs or airways, 5. History of premature birth before 35 weeks gestation, 6. Unwillingness to receive an intramuscular triamcinolone acetonide injection, 7. Evidence that the participant or family may be unreliable or poorly adherent to their asthma treatment or study procedures, 8. Planning to relocate from the clinical center area before study completion, 9. Any other criteria that place the subject at unnecessary risk according to the judgment of the Principal Investigator and/or attending physician(s) of record, or 10. Currently participating in an investigational drug trial for asthma therapies. Healthy Controls: Inclusion criteria: Healthy subjects between the age of 18 and 65 years. Exclusion criteria 1. History of chronic diseases that affect the lungs, 2. A history suggestive of allergic rhinitis, eczema or chronic sinusitis, 3. An improvement in FEV1 of more than 12% following 4 puffs of albuterol, 4. Smoking history > 10 pack years if ≥30 years of age, or smoking history > 5 pack years if <30 years of age, or any smoking within the past year, 5. Respiratory tract infection within the past 4 weeks, 6. Pregnancy, 7. History of premature birth (<35 weeks).

1. Participant is < 21 years of age 2. Parent/ Legal Guardian/ Adult Participant can understand the consent process and is willing to provide informed consent/HIPAA: 3. (a) Participant is receiving one or more of the study drugs of interest at the time of enrollment or (b) Participant is NOT receiving one or more of the study drugs of interest but is SARS-COV-2 positive within 60 days prior to enrollment 1. Participant has a known pregnancy Below exclusion criteria apply only to participants receiving one or more of the study drugs of interest at the time of enrollment, 2. Has had intermittent dialysis within previous 24 hours 3. Has had a kidney transplant within previous 30 days 4. Has had a liver transplant within previous 1 year 5. Has had a stem cell transplant within previous 1 year 6. Has had therapeutic hypothermia within previous 24 hours 7. Has had plasmapheresis within the previous 24 hours 8. Has a Ventricular Assist Device 9. Has any condition which would make the participant, in the opinion of the investigator, unsuitable for the study

1. Parent/guardian must be able to understand and provide signed and dated written informed consent; he/she must also be able to communicate with study staff. 2. 24-47 months of age at randomization 3. 2-4 wheezing episodes in the past year 4. positive allergy to aeroallergen 5. first degree relative with history or current diagnosis of asthma or allergy 6. If is participating in a food immunotherapy treatment that is not part of a clinical trial, has been on an established maintenance regimen implemented continuously for a minimum of 2 months. 1. >4 episodes of wheezing in the past year 2. Use of Step 5 or Step 6 therapy (ICS plus LABA ) at the time of enrollment (Visit 0). 3. Need for systemic corticosteroids or a hospitalization for respiratory symptoms within four weeks prior to screening. 4. Three or more courses of systemic corticosteroids for wheezing illnesses in the last year 5. More than four days of symptoms of wheezing, or tightness in the chest or cough in the past two weeks causing at least minimal limitation of activity 6. More than four days of albuterol treatment (for symptoms) in the past two weeks 7. More than one night of symptoms of wheezing, or tightness in the chest or cough causing sleep disruption in the past two weeks 8. More than one night of albuterol treatment (for symptoms) in the past two weeks 9. Prematurity (<34 weeks gestation) 10. Need for oxygen for more than 5 days in the neonatal period 11. History of intubation or mechanical ventilation for respiratory illness 12. Other significant medical conditions, including: major congenital anomalies, cystic fibrosis, chronic pulmonary diseases, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, thoracic surgery, history of tuberculosis, immunodeficiency (primary or secondary), seizure disorders 13. Expecting to relocate within 4 years of study initiation to a place which would make in-person clinical visits impossible 14. Deemed unable to adhere to study activities 15. Prior aeroallergen immunotherapy or use of biologics including anti-IgE 16. Prior IVIG or systemic immunosuppressant other than corticosteroids 17. History of hypoxic seizures during a wheezing episode 18. Total IgE outside of the omalizumab dosing range. 19. Enrolled in any clinical medication trial within the past 30 days. 20. With platelet counts < 150 x 109/L at the Screening Visit (V0) 21. Past or current medical problems or findings from physical examination or laboratory testing that are not listed above, which, in the opinion of the investigator, may pose additional risks from participation in the study, may interfere with the participant's ability to comply with study requirements or may impact the quality or interpretation of the data obtained from the study. 22. History of severe anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reactions from any cause

• Target population: greater than or equal to (>=) 18 (or the legal age of consent in the jurisdiction in which the study is taking place) years of age
• Target population: Symptomatic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) in World Health Organization Functional Class (WHO FC) II, III, or IV
• Target population: PAH subtype falling in one of the below classifications: Idiopathic; Heritable; Drug- or toxin-induced; Related to: Connective tissue disease, HIV infection, Portal hypertension, and Congenital heart disease with small/coincidental cardiac defect with systemic-to-pulmonary shunt ( for example atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, atrioventricular septal defect) which does not account for the elevated pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) or persistent PAH documented by an Right heart catheterization (RHC) >= 1 year after simple systemic-to pulmonary shunt repair
• PAH diagnosis confirmed by hemodynamic evaluation at rest at any time prior to screening: Mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) greater than (>) 20 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg), and; Pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP) or left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) less than or equal to (<=) 15 mm Hg, and PVR >= 3 Wood Units (that is, >= 240 dyn*sec/cm^5)
• Able to perform the 6-minute walking test (6MWT) with a minimum distance of 50 meters and maximum distance of 440 meters at screening
• Known presence of three or more of the following risk factors for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction at screening, based on records that confirm documented medical history: Body mass index (BMI) > 30 kilograms per meter square (kg/m^2), Diabetes mellitus of any type, Essential hypertension (even if well controlled); Coronary artery disease, that is, any of the following: history of stable angina, or known more than 50 percent (%) stenosis in a coronary artery, or history of myocardial infarction, or history of or planned coronary artery bypass grafting and/or coronary artery stenting
• Presence of moderate or severe obstructive lung disease (forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV1] / forced vital capacity [FVC] < 70%; and FEV1 < 60% of predicted after bronchodilator administration) ) in participants with a known or suspected history of significant lung disease as documented by a spirometry test performed within 1 year prior to screening
• Known moderate to severe hepatic impairment, defined as Child-Pugh Class B or C, based on records that confirm documented medical history
• Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and/or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) > 1.5*upper limit of normal (ULN) at screening
• Hemoglobin < 100 gram per liter (g/L) (< 10 gram per deciliter [g/dL]) at screening

Inclusion Criteria
• Males and females ≥40 to ≤80 years of age
• Subject is able to read, understand, and sign a written Informed Consent in order to participate in the Study
• Subject has a diagnosis of chronic bronchitis (CB) and/or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) for a minimum of two years. (Chronic Bronchitis is defined clinically as chronic productive cough for 3 months in each of 2 successive years in a patient in whom other causes of productive cough have been excluded)
• Subject is classified as having a moderate or severe (GOLD 2/3) airflow obstruction defined by a post-bronchodilator of ≥30% FEV1 to <80% predicted with a baseline FEV1/FVC of <0.70
• Subject has a Baseline SGRQ of ≥50
• Subject demonstrates daily cough and significant mucus.
• Subject is being treated according to current medically accepted treatment guidelines for chronic bronchitis for minimum of 3 months prior to enrollment into the study. Subject agrees to continue maintenance pulmonary/COPD medications (GOLD standard medications recommended) for the duration of the study
• Non-smoking for a minimum of 2 months prior to consent and agrees to continue not smoking for the duration of the study
• Subject is able to adhere to and undergo 2 bronchoscopic procedures (cross over subjects may undergo two additional bronchoscopic procedures, if they agree to treatment), per hospital guidelines
• Subject demonstrates ability and willingness to use a daily eDiary Exclusion Criteria
• Subject has had an acute pulmonary infection, exacerbation or pneumonia requiring medical treatment (with antibiotics and/or steroids) within 4 weeks prior of initially planned study bronchoscopy
• Current diagnosis of Asthma
• Subject has Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency as defined by blood level <59 mg/dL
• Subject has other origins of respiratory disease aside from chronic bronchitis and COPD
• Subject is using e-cigarettes, vaping or taking any inhaled substances not prescribed by a physician
• Subject has untreatable or life threatening arrhythmias, inability to adequately oxygenate during the bronchoscopy, or has acute respiratory failure
• Subject has bullous emphysema characterized as large bullae >30 millimeters on HRCT; or subject has stenosis in the tracheobronchial system, tracheobronchomegaly, trachea-bronchomalacia, amyloidosis or cystic fibrosis
• Subject has clinically significant bronchiectasis
• Subject has had a solid transplant procedure
• Subject has a known mucosal tear, has undergone prior lung surgery such as pneumonectomy, lobectomy, bullectomy, or lung volume reduction surgery
• Subject has had a prior lung device procedure, including emphysema stent(s) implanted, lung coils, valves, lung denervation, bronchial thermoplasty, cryotherapy or other therapies
• Subject is unable to temporarily discontinue use of anticoagulant therapy: warfarin, Coumadin, LMWH, heparin, clopidrogel (or equal)
• Subject has a serious medical condition, such as: uncontrolled coagulopathy or bleeding disorder, congestive heart failure, uncontrolled angina, myocardial infarction in the past year, renal failure, liver disease, cerebrovascular accident within the past 6 months, uncontrolled diabetes, uncontrolled hypertension or uncontrolled gastric reflux
• Subject is pregnant, nursing, or planning to get pregnant during study duration
• Subject has or is receiving chemotherapy or active radiation therapy within the past 6 months or is expected to receive chemotherapy during participation in this study
• Subject is or has been in another treatment study within 6 weeks of enrollment and agrees to not participate in any other treatment studies for the duration of study participation
• Subject has known sensitivity to medication required to perform bronchoscopy (such as lidocaine, atropine, and benzodiazepines)

Pregnant Women- Pregnant women who meet all of the following criteria are eligible for enrollment as study participants: 1. Age 18 years or older 2. Able to understand the oral and written instructions associated with study visits and procedures and provide informed consent 3. Pregnant at any stage 4. Planning to give birth at a study-site designated center 5. Agrees to enroll offspring into the study at birth 6. In the case of multiple gestation, agrees to enroll only one child who will be selected by randomized birth order Biological Fathers- Biological fathers who meet all of the following criteria are eligible for enrollment as study participants: 1. Age 18 years or older 2. Able to understand the oral and written instructions associated with study visits and procedures and provide informed consent Pregnant Women- Pregnant women who meet any of these criteria are not eligible for enrollment: 1. Inability or unwillingness to comply with study protocol 2. Serious pregnancy complication (in the judgement of the investigator) prior to enrollment 3. Fetus has a major chromosomal anomaly 4. Plans to move and would not be available for in-person visits at a study site 5. Plans to give up her child for adoption at birth 6. Pregnancy is the result of an egg donation Infants- Infants who meet any of these criteria are not eligible for enrollment: 1. Delivered earlier than 34 weeks of gestation 2. Sibling already enrolled 3. Born with a significant birth defect or medical condition, and in the judgment of the investigators, participation is not in the infant's best interest Biological Father- 1. Biological fathers who are unable or unwilling to comply with the study protocol as it pertains to the biological father's participation are not eligible for enrollment ----Note Regarding Legal Guardians who are not the Biological Parents: 1. At screening for enrollment of either the mother or the child, if the biological mother intends to give the infant up for adoption, neither the mother nor the child are eligible for enrollment 2. If the biological mother gives up legal guardianship of the child during the child's follow-up period, the child may remain enrolled as long as the new legal guardian:
• Agrees to meet the child's study requirements, and
• Provides written informed consent for the child's continued participation. 3. Throughout the protocol where it refers to the mother, father, or parent answering questionnaires about the child or collecting samples from the child and the child's primary home, the legal guardian who provides consent for the child's participation may complete those procedures

• Pregnant, intending to continue pregnancy, enrolled in the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Patient Registry (CFFPR)
• None

• Subject/next of kin informed consent
• Age > 18 years
• CMV IgG seropositive by lateral flow assay (LFA) or standard serologic methods
• Receiving care in an ICU
• Acute respiratory failure as defined in Section 4.1.1.
• Expected to require respiratory support for at least 2 more days after randomization
• Infection confirmed or suspected by the treating clinician and felt to be the source of acute respiratory failure (Respiratory failure associated with infection confers at least 2 SOFA points above assumed baseline SOFA score of 0, thereby meeting Sepsis-3 definition).
• Known or suspected immunosuppression, including:
• HIV+ (i.e. prior positive test or clinical signs of suspicion of HIV/AIDS; a negative HIV test is not required for enrollment)
• stem cell transplantation:
• within 6 months after autologous transplantation or
• within 1 years after allogeneic transplantation (regardless of immunosuppression)
• greater than 1 year of allogeneic transplantation if still taking systemic immunosuppression or prophylactic antibiotics (e.g. for chronic graft versus host disease) Note: if details of stem cell transplantation are unknown, patients who do not take systemic immunosuppression and do not take anti-infective prophylaxis are acceptable for enrollment and randomization.
• solid organ transplantation with receipt of systemic immunosuppression (any time)
• cytotoxic anti-cancer chemotherapy within the past three months (Note: next-of-kin estimate is acceptable)
• congenital immunodeficiency requiring antimicrobial prophylaxis (e.g. TMP-SMX, dapsone, antifungal drugs, intravenous immunoglobulin)
• receipt of one or more of the following in the indicated time period (see Appendix C):
• within 6 months: alemtuzumab, antithymocyte/antilymphocyte antibodies, or other immunosuppressive drugs associated with CMV reactivation Note: if no information on these agents is available in the history and no direct or indirect evidence exists from the history that any condition exists that requires treatment with these agents (based on the investigator's assessment), the subject may be enrolled. For all drug information, next-of-kin estimates are acceptable. See Appendix C for commonly prescribed immunosuppressive agents. Information on the use of biologics with moderate immunosuppressive effect but no known effect on CMV are permitted and will be recorded in the CRFs.
• Expected to survive < 72 hours (in the opinion of the investigator)
• Has been hospitalized for > 120 hours (subjects who are transferred from a chronic care ward, such as a rehabilitation unit, with an acute event are acceptable).
• Pregnant or breastfeeding (either currently or expected within one month). Note: for women of childbearing age (18-60 years, unless documentation of surgical sterilization [hysterectomy, tubal ligation, oophorectomy]), if a pregnancy test has not been done as part of initial ICU admission work-up, it will be ordered stat and documented to be negative before randomization. Both urine and blood tests are acceptable.
• Absolute neutrophil count < 1,000/mm3 (if no ANC value is available, the WBC must be > 2500/mm3)
• Use of anti-CMV drugs (cidofovir, letermovir, foscarnet, valganciclovir, ganciclovir) within seven (7) days of patient randomization.
• Currently enrolled in an interventional trial of an investigational therapeutic agent known or suspected to have anti-CMV activity or to be associated with significant known hematologic toxicity (prior approval required).
• At baseline patients who have both a tracheostomy, and have been on continuous 24-hour chronic mechanical ventilation.
• Patients with Child Class C Cirrhosis.
• Patients with severe (requiring home oxygen) pre-existing interstitial lung disease.
• Allergy to ganciclovir
• Incarcerated

Key 1. Diagnosis of IPF as defined by American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society/Japanese Respiratory Society/Latin American Thoracic Association (ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT) guidelines within the past 7 years prior to study participation. 2. High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scan at Screening, with ≥10% to <50% parenchymal fibrosis (reticulation) and <25% honeycombing. 3. FVCpp value >45% and <95% at Screening and Day 1 (prior to randomization). 4. Diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO) percent predicted ≥25% and ≤90%. 5. Not currently receiving treatment for IPF with an approved therapy for IPF (such as, pirfenidone or nintedanib) for any reason, including prior intolerance or lack of response to an approved IPF therapy, or choice to forego treatment with an approved IPF therapy after a full discussion with the Investigator regarding risks/benefits of such therapy. Key 1. Previous exposure to pamrevlumab. 2. Evidence of significant obstructive lung disease, as evidenced by spirometry or HRCT. 3. Female participants who are pregnant or nursing. 4. Smoking within 3 months of Screening and/or unwilling to avoid smoking throughout the study. 5. Interstitial lung disease other than IPF. 6. Sustained improvement in the severity of IPF during the 12 months prior to screening. 7. Other types of respiratory diseases that, in the opinion of the Investigator, would impact the primary protocol endpoint or otherwise preclude participation in the study, including diseases of the airways, lung parenchyma, pleural space, mediastinum, diaphragm, or chest wall. 8. Certain medical conditions, that, in the opinion of the Investigator, would impact the primary protocol endpoint or otherwise preclude participation in the study (such as, myocardial infarction/stroke, severe chronic heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, or cancers). 9. Acute IPF exacerbation during Screening or Randomization including hospitalization due to acute IPF exacerbation within 4 weeks prior to or during screening. 10. Use of any investigational drugs or unapproved therapies, or participation in any clinical trial with an investigational new drug within 30 days prior to screening. Or use of approved IPF therapies (such as, pirfenidone or nintedanib) within 1 week prior to screening. 11. History of allergic or anaphylactic reaction to human, humanized, chimeric or murine monoclonal antibodies, or to any component of the excipient.

Key
• Heterozygous for F508del and a minimal function mutation (F/MF genotype)
• Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) value >=40% and <=90% of predicted mean for age, sex, and height for participants currently receiving ELX/TEZ/IVA therapy; FEV1 >=40% and <=80% for participants not currently receiving ELX/TEZ/IVA Key
• History of solid organ or hematological transplantation
• Hepatic cirrhosis with portal hypertension, moderate hepatic impairment (Child Pugh Score 7 to 9), or severe hepatic impairment (Child Pugh Score 10 to 15)
• Lung infection with organisms associated with a more rapid decline in pulmonary status
• Pregnant or breast-feeding females Other protocol defined Inclusion/Exclusion criteria may apply

Key
• Participant has one of the following genotypes:
• Homozygous for F508del;
• Heterozygous for F508del and a gating (F/G) mutation;
• Heterozygous for F508del and a residual function (F/RF) mutation;
• At least 1 other TCR CFTR gene mutation identified as responsive to ELX/TEZ/IVA and no F508del mutation
• Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) value >=40% and <=90% of predicted mean for age, sex, and height for participants currently receiving CFTR protein modulator therapy; FEV1 >=40% and <=80% for participants not currently receiving CFTR protein modulator therapy Key
• History of solid organ or hematological transplantation
• Hepatic cirrhosis with portal hypertension, moderate hepatic impairment (Child Pugh Score 7 to 9), or severe hepatic impairment (Child Pugh Score 10 to 15)
• Lung infection with organisms associated with a more rapid decline in pulmonary status
• Pregnant or breast-feeding females Other protocol defined Inclusion/Exclusion criteria may apply

1. endotracheal tube or tracheostomy in place and mechanically ventilated for ≤7 days; 2. admitted to a participating ICU 3. radiologic evidence of bilateral pulmonary infiltrates not fully explained by pleural effusions, atelectasis, or hydrostatic pulmonary edema 4. P/F ratio ≤200 with PEEP ≥8 cm H2O and FiO2≥0.6; If ABG values are not available, the P/F ratio may be inferred from SpO2 values based on Table 3 from Brown et al as long as following conditions are met: 1. SpO2 values are 80-96% 2. SpO2 is measured ≥10 min after any change in FIO2 3. PEEP is ≥ 8 cm H2O 4. the pulse oximeter waveform tracing is adequate 5. the qualifying inferred P/F ratio is confirmed 1-6h after initial determination. 5. access to an LAR to provide consent. 6. Criteria 3 AND 4 must be met within 72h of enrollment and randomization, not be fully explained by hydrostatic pulmonary edema, and must have occurred within 7 days of exposure to an ARDS-risk factor (including continuous exposure to persistent processes (e.g. sepsis, pneumonia, COVID-19).
• Patients may be enrolled and decision about randomization delayed if all criteria other than P/F ratio ≤ 200 are met and then randomized if and when the P/F ratio ≤200 (as long as this occurs within 72h of randomization). Patients on high flow nasal oxygen or non-invasive pressure ventilation may be consented if they meet criteria for starting the 72h ARDS window but may not be enrolled and randomized until they are intubated. 1. Missed moderate-severe ARDS window (>72hrs)
•Window starts when patient is intubated with a qualifying P/F ratio of ≤ 200 with PEEP ≥ 8 cm H2O or on high flow oxygen with well-fitting nasal cannula with flow ≥ 65 LPM and FiO2 ≥ 0.65 or on non-invasive pressure ventilation with PEEP ≥ 8 cm H2O and FiO2 ≤ 0.6. 2. Missed NMB window: (>48 hrs) 3. Missed mechanical ventilation window (>7 days) 4. Refractory hypotension (continuous infusion of >0.2 mcg/kg/min of norepinephrine or equivalent dose of other pressors for >6 continuous hours prior to randomization) 5. Core temperature <35.5°C for ≥6 hours while not receiving CRRT on day of randomization 6. Significant, active bleeding (>3u blood products and/or surgical/IR intervention) on day of randomization 7. Platelets <10K/mm3 (uncorrected) on day of randomization 8. Active hematologic malignancy 9. Skin process that precludes cooling device 10. Moribund, not likely to survive 72h 11. Pre-morbid condition makes it unlikely that patient will survive 28 days 12. Do Not Resuscitate status at time of randomization 13. Not likely to remain intubated for ≥48h 14. Physician of record unwilling to participate 15. Severe underlying lung disease 1. Needs ≥ 2 LPM home O2 2. On BIPAP (except for OSA) 3. Prior lung transplantation 16. Pregnant at time of randomization 17. BMI consistently >50 kg/m2 18. Known NYHA class IV heart disease 19. Acute Coronary Syndrome (MI, unstable angina) within 30 days of randomization 20. Cardiac arrest within 30 days of randomization 21. Burns over >20% of the body surface 22. Severe chronic liver disease (Child-Pugh score 12-15) 23. Previously randomized in CHILL study 24. Simultaneous enrollment in another interventional trial